Urban PARKS have recreational values for people leisure activities. Daglar Bagi park are located close to Khoy city in western Azarbaijan. The park provides some services to the city's inhabitants. In this article, demand function for recreation in Khoy FOREST park was estimated using household production function of Gary Backer. The relationship between recreation demand, time of travel and recreational services was determined. Results indicated that demand for recreation in Khoy FOREST PARKS was related to the quality of park services, income of visitors and shadow price. Moreover, the result showed that the recreational shadow price was amounted to752 Rials

FOREST PARKS are one of the most important natural ecosystems of any country, which provide various functions and services for mankind. Therefore, their preservation is considered as one of the main goals of human activities. Nowadays, due to the role of FOREST park ecosystems in attracting tourists, the evaluation of their visual quality has become very important. Aesthetic quality is defined as the relative beauty of the landscape, which depends on the visual features including physical, biological and man-made elements present in a place. Knowing the effective factors and criteria in the visual quality of the image of the land, as a suitable tool for evaluating and locating areas with aesthetic-cognitive value, can help managers and planners in the selection and effective management of images with visual value. Therefore, the goal of this study is assessing the visual quality of the landscape of Chaldereh FOREST park of Tonkaben city located in Mazandaran province. In this research, the visual quality classification method (Q-Sort) was used to evaluate the visual quality of the FOREST park. The research data was gathered in the form of a field survey, random sampling and the completion of the Q-Sort questionnaire by 60 visitors to the FOREST park. The finding of assessing the visual quality of the landscape of Chaldereh-Tenkabon FOREST park with the method of visual quality classification showed that the main criteria for improving the visual quality of Chaldereh-Tonekabon FOREST park include the existence of natural features (mountains and hills), the relaxing atmosphere, open and panoramic views of the surrounding landscapes, and criteria like the lack of integration of buildings and vegetation and the lack of balance, visual disturbance, and man-made elements are the main reasons for decreased landscape quality of this park.

First, the land form mapping units (combination of slope, elevation, aspect) were prepared in Arc GIS 9.1 and Arc view 3.3. Then environmental units map (landform, Soil, plant cover) was depicted. Finally by applying Ecotourism Model of Iran, the ecological capability of the area was evaluated. Results indicate a 5% capability for intensive recreation (class 2), 50% extensive recreation (class), and 45% as such for class 2.

Natural FOREST PARKS are complex ecosystems. The dual and simultaneous aim of conservation and tourism developments in such areas could be achieved by creating a balanced relationship between human activities and natural environment. Although evaluating ecological potential is one of the ways to provide balance in FOREST PARKS, minding people's needs and preferences is extremely important since they are real conservers of the FOREST PARKS. Sisangan is one of the most popular FOREST park in Iran which also known as a botanical reservoir of rare Buxus hircana, a species threatened with extinction. Inattention to preferences of users of the park no only has weakened the quality of the park as a recreation facility but also has encouraged the users to help the destruction of this invaluable natural treasure. This research is an effort to assess users' aesthetic preferences through q-sort method, and also to investigate recreational activities based on observational studies. Besides studying public preferences, the ecological potential for tourism was also determined by the use of b classification method based on type and density of plants in Sisangan FOREST park. Although this park has been designed with respect to the extent of recreational activities and ecological potential as well, this design has not been able to meet needs of users of the park as a recreational facility. Finally, the research presents ideas for designing concentrated and extensive recreational areas in view of popular preferences.

Because of functions and services of natural ecosystem and the need for better planning for using of them, their true valuation becomes very important. Therefore, economists have focused on valuation and economic assessment of natural resource in order to help people understand the true value of benefits they are receiving from their environment, and in doing so a substantial progress have so far been realized. In this study, an attempt was made to estimate recreational value of martyr Kuhnani FOREST Park in bolooran, Kouhdasht, province of Lorestan using individual Travel Cost method. The required data was collected through completing questionnaires and interviewing with 150 visitors of the park in 1393. In individual travel costs method, in order to examine the effects of the explanatory variables on frequency of visit, linear regression model was utilized. For this purpose, traveling functions with various forms including linear, logarithmic, linear-logarithmic, logarithmic-linear were developed. Using econometrics criteria, a linear functional form was selected among the various available forms. Using individual travel cost method, consumer surplus for each person visiting the park was estimated at about 430, 000 Rials and the annual recreational value per hectare of the nearly 1094 hectare of the park was calculated at about 66, 000, 000. The results also showed that the variables cost, revenue, distance and education were significant at1%, 5%, 5%, 10% statistical level, respectively.

Considering the unfavorable environmental conditions of cities, the shortage and defects of open and green spaces in metropolitan cities, the need to pay attention to PARKS and green spaces of the city in terms of ecological and social functions of these spaces has been discussed more than before. For this purpose, this research has been investigated. And ecological analysis of regional PARKS in Tabriz city. The present research is analytical-descriptive in terms of its purpose. The information was collected in both documentary and field and analyzed using the GIS. The statistical population of the study is Tabriz PARKS and Samarkand Pars in Tabriz, including Eagly PARKS, Bagh Misha, Shams Tabrizi and Eram PARKS. The methods and tools used for collecting and analyzing information in this research are questionnaire, ARC. GIS software, ANP network analysis method and MC-SDSS function and SAW method in GIS. Evaluating ecological indicators in four major axiological areas and ecological, environmental, cultural-educational and access design. For these indicators, criteria have been considered. Using the questionnaire, the importance of these criteria was obtained and the weight of the criteria was calculated by ANP method. In the studied PARKS, according to the results of the geological survey, the Eagle Park is in ecological terms, and the Shams, Baghmehisheh and Eram PARKS are in the next ranks, and the point is the inappropriate situation of the Eram Park and Baghmehisheh PARKS, especially Eram, in comparison with other PARKS. It needs to adopt appropriate policies in this regard to improve its situation.

Abstract Rising threats, such as climate change, have thus far resulted in disruptions to ecosystems. Therefore, ecological resilience (eco-resilience) to absorb such distractions and maintain the capacity of ecosystems has been the focal point of numerous studies. In most cases, the characteristics of ecosystems are considered as indicators shaping this type of resilience. In this study, an alternative approach was adopted to examine the performance and outcomes of an ecosystem instead of reflecting on affective factors. Therefore, the resilience index (RI) of an urban FOREST park was assessed using eco-functional indicators, such as eco-volume (Veco), eco-height (Heco), bio-volume (Vbio), and eco-volume (Veco). At first, the FOREST park zoning was done. Then, each of the introduced indicators was calculated based on its specific parameters. Finally, the RI of the urban FOREST park was premeditated. The results showed that each zone with more effective Veco, Heco, and Veco gained a higher score in terms of resilience. The obtained score for RI was thus the function of the current ecological state of each zone. The study conclusions also confirmed that the outputs of the applied framework could embody the main indicators of resilience assessments (viz. thresholds, adaptive capacity, and self-organization). The application of this model on a larger scale required further studies.

One of the problems in FOREST park management, planning, and design is the tendency to consider recreation independent from aesthetic preferences and ecological objectives. This paper presents the findings of an examination of recreational activities in relation to aesthetics and ecological potentials in Siangtan FOREST Park in Iran. Although protected areas constitute most of this 591 ha park, it is the most popular FOREST park in Iran with a high number of visitors annually. The study consists of two main sub-studies: discovering the users' aesthetic preferences based on two different techniques of visual and verbal assessments, and finding users' recreational activities according to a questionnaire and an observation study. The results showed considerable difference between places preferred for activities and those valued for scenic beauty. Moreover concentrated recreational activities often happen in places other than what has been predicted and designed for. The study also reveals that the judgments about FOREST PARKS depended on the method of assessment.

Azospirillum is a gram negative plump and straight rods bacterium. 4 Tehran FOREST PARKS were selected: (Chitgar, Sohanak, Sorkhehhesart, and Toska) in order to Azospirillum isolation. Two samples are provided from each park, one of them from FORESTed zones and the other from non FORESTed Zone. NFb (Nitrogen Free malat) semisolid medium and RC (Rodriquez Caceres) used for culturing. The biochemical tests used for separation species. Azospirillum species were isolated in these soils. Our researches showed three species  A.brasilense, A. lipoferum and A. irakense. Microbial population is determined by MPN (Most Probably Number) method. In average, the amount of population in FORESTed zones is 4.3×105 and in non FORESTed zones is 1.43×105 (bacterial cell in each grams of soil (CFU/g)) by solid NFb medium. In average, the population in FORESTed zones is 1.91×105 and in non FORESTed zones is 0.77×105 by solid RC medium. In average, the population in planet FORESTed zones and in non FORESTed zones were 0.95×103 and 0.27×103 by semisolid NFb medium. Then the Nitrogen fixation ability of acquired samples was studied. In this way, by use of Rennin Media and Gas Chromatography and by transformation Acetylene to Etilen the Nitrogenase of sample were determined. Acetylene reduction in A. lipoferum was highest in comparison with other species and was 86.27 nmol/24hTube and A. irakense was least in comparison with other species and was 23.92 nmol/24hTube and A. brasilense was 56.4 nmol/24hTube.

Introduction: Security means being safe from harm, anxiety, worry and fears. Security can be defined as be away from things that threaten financial interests (life, property, land) and moral values (religion, culture, beliefs). Because many factors can destroy peoples’ safety, it is important to know how people feel about security in different environments. …